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JPR Advance Access published online on July 26, 2005
Journal of Plankton Research, doi:10.1093/plankt/fbi044
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© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oupjournals.org
Received April 1, 2005
Accepted July 1, 2005

Article

Post-exchange zooplankton in ballast water of ships entering the San Francisco Estuary

Keun-Hyung Choi 1*, Wim Kimmerer 2, George Smith 3, Gregory M. Ruiz 3, and Kelly Lion 3

1 Romberg Tiburon Center San Francisco State University 3152 Paradise Dr. Tiburon, CA 94920; Smithsonian Environmental Research Center P.O. Box 28 Edgewater, MD 21037, USA
2 Romberg Tiburon Center San Francisco State University 3152 Paradise Dr. Tiburon, CA 94920
3 Smithsonian Environmental Research Center P.O. Box 28 Edgewater, MD 21037, USA

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Keun-Hyung Choi, E-mail: khchoi{at}sfsu.edu


  Abstract

The San Francisco Estuary in California (CA), USA, has been heavily altered by invasions of non-native zooplankton and benthic organisms, presumably by the discharge of ships’ ballast water. Since 2000, ships entering CA have been required to exchange ballast water with oceanic water during the voyage to decrease the number of organisms discharged into the Estuary that had previously been taken aboard at foreign ports. We examined abundance of zooplankton in ballast water of 18 container ships and 48 bulk carriers. Asia dominated the sources of ballast water, which contained multiple non-native zooplankton including species that have invaded and since become common residents in the Estuary. The abundance of zooplankton was significantly lower in ballast water that had been emptied and refilled with oceanic water than those that had continuously been flushed with oceanic water (about 3 times the volume of ballast water), suggesting that empty-refill is more effective in removing exotic zooplankton.

Keywords: Ballast Water, Bioinvasions, Estuary, Mid-Ocean Exchange, Zooplankton.
Communicating Editor: KJ Flynn
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