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JPR Advance Access published online on July 28, 2004
Journal of Plankton Research, doi:10.1093/plankt/fbh122
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Received March 19, 2004
Accepted June 17, 2004

Article

Swimming in Formation in Krill (Euphausiacea), a hypothesis: Dynamics of the flow field, properties of antennular sensor systems and a sensory-motor link

Mufti P. Patria 1 Konrad Wiese 2*

1 Department of Biology, University of Indonesia, FMIPA-UI, Depok 16424, Indonesia
2 Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum der Universität, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg FRG

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: KWIESE{at}zoologie.uni-hamburg.de.


  Abstract

The act of swimming in formation by species such as Euphausia superba, Antarctic krill, is assumed to be regulated by a sensitivity to the characteristic and spatially elaborate flow field produced by this species of shrimp. We used a related species, Meganyctiphanes, North-Atlantic krill, to visualize the flow field produced by tethered shrimps in an aquarium. In this situation the propulsion jetflow some centimeters behind the shrimp is surrounded by a vortex-ring of recoiling water motion from which, if the vortex is also produced by unrestrained swimming shrimp, a following shrimp hypothetically can draw forces of lift and propulsion to decrease energy expense in long distance migration. Two antennular sensitivities to water vibration in frequency ranges 5-40 and 40 to 150 Hz were calibrated and the activity of connected interneurons was traced into the abdominal pleopod-carrying segments. Water oscillation of 3-10 Hz frequency, applied to the antennules, was shown to entrain a closely synchronous pleopod beat in the stimulated specimens.


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