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JPR Advance Access published online on November 23, 2005
Journal of Plankton Research, doi:10.1093/plankt/fbi103
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© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Received August 18, 2005
Accepted November 14, 2005

Article

Protoceratium reticulatum in northern Japan: environmental factors associated with seasonal occurrence and related contamination of yessotoxin (YTX) in scallops

Kazuhiko Koike 1 *, Yoshifumi Horie 1, Toshiyuki Suzuki 2, Atsushi Kobiyama 1, Kenji Kurihara 1, Kenji Takagi 1, Shin-nosuke Kaga 3, and Yasukatsu Oshima 4

1 Kitasato University, School of Fisheries Sciences, Okkirai, Sanriku, Ofunato, Iwate, 022-0101, Japan
2 Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Coastal Fisheries and Aquaculture Division, Niihama, Shiogama, Miyagi, 985-0001, Japan
3 Iwate Fisheries Technology Center, Heita, Kamaishi, Iwate, 026-0001, Japan
4 Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Tsutsumidori-Amamiya, Aoba, Sendai 981-8555, Japan

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Kazuhiko Koike, E-mail: k.koike{at}kitasato-u.ac.jp


  Abstract

In 2003, an occurrence of the yessotoxin (YTX) producing dinoflagellate, Protoceratium reticulatum, and resultant toxin concentration in scallops was monitored in Okkirai Bay, northern Japan. The occurrence peaked after 1 July and reached a maximum density (400 cells L-1) on 16 July. It occurred over a wide range of water temperature and inorganic nutrient concentrations, and was tolerant of a broad range of environmental conditions. Hydrological parameters were monitored, and it was obvious that P. reticulatum flourished under low salinity (30.59 - 32.60), and occurred at highest density in the surface layer (0 - 5 m depth) where effects from rainfall were greatest. In addition, dinoflagellate density increase and decrease was well-correlated with inflows of oceanic water into the bay. Thus, it can be assumed that the oceanic inflows may cause initial population increases (e.g. excystment or input of a ‘seed population’), with resultant growth in rain-affected waters and subsequent spread throughout the entire bay via water movement. YTX and 45-OHYTX concentrations in scallops reached maximum levels (0.79 µg g-1 and 0.44 µg g-1 of digestive gland, respectively) two weeks after the maximum cell density of P. reticulatum, and high levels of the toxin continued for a month. Low levels of the toxin were detected even during periods when cells were not observed.

Communicating Editor: KJ Flynn
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