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JPR Advance Access originally published online on July 27, 2005
Journal of Plankton Research 2005 27(8):757-762; doi:10.1093/plankt/fbi048
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© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oupjournals.org.

Induction time and reversibility of changes in Daphnia life history caused by the presence of fish

Andrzej Mikulski*, Marcin Czernik and Joanna Pijanowska

Department of Hydrobiology, Warsaw University, Banacha 2, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland

* Corresponding Author: hans{at}hydro.biol.uw.edu.pl

Received April 11, 2005; accepted in principle June 7, 2005; accepted for publication July 8, 2005; published online July 27, 2005

Two experiments were run, to demonstrate how Daphnia life history changes in the response to fish kairomone, depending on at which ontogenetic stage the simulated presence of fish appears or disappears. Exposures of Daphnia, starting from different ontogenetic stages, to the fish kairomone showed that the period between the initiation of phenotypic changes induced by the presence of fish and their adaptive expression in Daphnia varies from one instar (2–3 days) in the case of size at first reproduction to five instars (about 7 days) in the case of age at first reproduction. Removing the fish kairomone in different ontogenetic stages showed, in turn, that if a proximal factor that induced an anti-predator mechanism disappears and is not detected for at least four instars, Daphnia may withdraw from former changes (e.g. maturation when larger). It is suggested that the moment of the final ‘decision’ regarding size at first reproduction cannot be attributed to a specific instar, but rather to a given moment in the Daphnia life cycle that is not related to any particular developmental instar but rather to the instantaneous level of resources that can be allocated to the reproduction.


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