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Journal of Plankton Research Vol.22 no.10 pp.1961-1975, 2000
© Oxford University Press 2000

Possible physiological mechanisms for production of hydrogen peroxide by the ichthyotoxic flagellate Heterosigma akashiwo

Michael J. Twiner and Charles G. Trick1

Department of Plant Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7

1 To whom correspondence should be addressed

Blooms of the toxic red tide phytoplankton Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae) are responsible for substantial losses within the aquaculture industry. The toxicological mechanisms of H.akashiwo blooms are complex and to date, heavily debated. One putative type of ichthyotoxin includes the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that could alter gill structure and function, resulting in asphyxiation. In this study, we investigated the potential of H.akashiwo to produce extracellular hydrogen peroxide, and have investigated which cellular processes are responsible for this production. Within all experiments, H.akashiwo produced substantial amounts of hydrogen peroxide (up to 7.6 pmol min–1 104 cells–1), resulting in extracellular concentrations of ~0.5 µmol l–1 H2O2. Measured rates of hydrogen peroxide production were directly proportional to cell density, but at higher cell densities, accuracy of H2O2 detection was reduced. Whereas light intensity did not alter H2O2 production, rates of production were stimulated when temperature was elevated. Hydrogen peroxide production was not only dependent on growth phase, but also was regulated by the availability of iron in the medium. Reduction of total iron to 1 nmol l–1 enhanced the production of H2O2 relative to iron replete conditions (10 µmol l–1 iron). From this, we collectively conclude that production of extracellular H2O2 by H.akashiwo occurs through a metabolic pathway that is not directly linked to photosynthesis.


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