Journal of Plankton Research, Vol 21, 1391-1421, Copyright © 1999 by Oxford University Press
H Jiang, C Meneveau and T Osborn
Three-dimensional, numerical simulations of the feeding current around a
tethered copepod were performed using a finite-volume code. The copepod's
body shape was modeled to resemble Euchaeta norvegica,
and was represented by a curvilinear body-fitted coordinate system. In the
simulations, the appendages that generate the feeding current were replaced
by a distribution of forces acting on the water adjacent and ventrally to
the body. First, the accuracy of the code was verified by simulating two
viscous, zero-Reynolds-number flows for which analytical solutions are
available. Then, simulations with realistic body shape and Reynolds numbers
were carried out. The main features of the computed feeding current were
compared with observations from Yen and Strickler (Invert.
Biol., 115, 191-205, 1996), and good agreement was obtained. The
entrainment region, as visualized by tracking particles in the feeding
current and by plotting the resulting stream-tube, is quite large. The
result can be used to quantify how the copepod takes advantage of the
feeding current to trap the algal particles in its capture area. The
configuration of the feeding current near to the body surface of the
copepod is controlled by how the copepod forces the feeding current and by
the copepod's morphology. These parameters were varied and their effects
studied in a systematic manner. Specifically, by comparing various spatial
distributions of the same amount of total force, it was shown that a
distributed force dissipates less energy (and increases the entrainment
rate) than a concentrated force, it is thus energetically more desirable.
Variations of the copepod's body shape and of the distribution of forces
showed little effect on the far field of the feeding current, and therefore
do not appear to affect the detectability by other mechano-receptional
organisms. The length scale of the influence field of the feeding current
was shown to be anisotropic in three directions, extending 5-7 mm above or
ventrally to the copepod, <1 mm dorsally to the copepod and
>1 cm down from the abdomen. The results also suggest that the net
reaction force on the copepod from the feeding current is of the same order
of magnitude as the excess weight of the copepod, but is not sufficient to
balance the excess weight completely.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Numerical study of the feeding current around a copepod
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Centre for Environmental and Applied Fluid Mechanics, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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